SONAR

Full form of sonar is Sound navigation and ranging. It is mostly used on ships for measuring the depth of water. This is accomplished by sending an acoustic pulse and measuring the time for the echo or return from the bottom. By knowing the speed of sound in the water, the depth is calculated by multiplying the speed by one-half of time traveled. Sonars are also used in the submarine to navigate and detect an object on or under the surface of the water.

 History

From millions of year some animals using this technique for communication and object detection of objects, like Dolphins and bats. The first time it is used by the human in 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci. A tube instated into the water was said to be used to detect vessel by placing an ear to the tube.

The use of sound to echo location underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation. The world’s first patent for an underwater echo ranging device was filed at the British patent office by English meteorologist Lewis Richardson a month after sinking of the Titanic, and German physicist Alexander Behm obtains a patent for an echo sounder in 1913.

SONAR

During the 1930’s American engineers developed their own underwater sound detection technology and important discoveries were made, such a thermocline that would help future development. After technical information was exchanged between the two countries during the Second World War, Americans began to use the term SONAR for their systems, coined as the equivalent of RADAR.

Applications

• Use in military
• Anti-submarine warfare
• Torpedoes
• Mines may be fitted with sonar to detect, localize and recognize the required target.
• In submarine navigation
• Use in underwater communication
• It is also used in fishing
• Use in biomass estimation

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